The factorial structure Sensitivity of the reading comprehension test with Meares-Irlen syndrome among Al-Azhar preparatory institutes students
Keywords:
Reading comprehension; Irlen syndrome; Meares-Irlen syndrome; visual stress.
Abstract
Abstract:
The study aimed to verify the sensitivity of the factorial structure of the reading comprehension test among students of Al-Azhar preparatory institutes who suffer from Meares-Irlen syndrome. The 119 male and female students participated from Al-Azhar institutes in Ismailia and Cairo governorates. An intentional sample had been drawn. The descriptive-analytical approach is suitable for the study's aims. The study depended on Meares-Irlen Syndrome Preliminary Diagnostic Checklist and Reading Comprehension test. The exploratory factor analysis results confirmed that the three factors' total variance explained 54.7% of the overall correlation matrix. The low explained variance is due to the decreasing of visual sensitivity and visual distortions. The results showed that the items of deductive and critical understanding overlapping, due to the learner's dependence on guessing words or the failure of the visuo-spatial component of working memory because of the decay of vision processes.
Keywords: Reading comprehension; Irlen syndrome; Meares-Irlen syndrome; visual stress.
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References
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Blaskey, P., Scheiman, M., Parisi, M., Ciner, E. B., Gallaway, M., & Selznick, R. (1990). The effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving reading performance: a pilot study. Journal of learning disabilities, 23(10), 604-612.
Bouldoukian, J., Wilkins, A. J., & Evans, B. J. (2002). Randomised controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22(1), 55-60.
Boyle, T. A. (2007). Do Irlen lenses help students with dyslexia increase their reading fluency? (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Cain, K., & Oakhill, J. (2006). Assessment matters: Issues in the measurement of reading comprehension. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(4), 697-708.
Conlon, E., & Humphreys, L. (2001). Visual search in migraine and visual discomfort groups. Vision research, 41(23), 3063-3068.
Evans, B. J. (2005). The need for optometric investigation in suspected Meares–Irlen syndrome or visual stress. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 25(4), 363-370.
Faraci, M. E. (2009). Does the Irlen Method bring about an increase in reading scores on a specific test of reading for students found to have Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome?. Alliant International University, San Diego.
Galea-Seychell, O. (2018). Understanding Irlen Syndrome in the classroom. Symposia Melitensia Number, 14, 283- 291.
Gross-Tsur, V., Shalev, R.S., Manor, O., & Amir, N. (1995). Developmental right hemisphere syndrome: Clinical spectrum of the nonverbal learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 80-86.
Heine, M., Martin, B., & Shields, M. (2016). Irlen Syndrome: Why the cool-coloured shades. TEACH Journal of Christian Education, 10(1), 3.
Irlen, H. (1991). Scotopic sensitivity syndrome: Screening manual. Long Beach, CA: Perceptual Development Corporation.
Irlen, H. (1991a). Reading by the colors. New York: Avery.
Irlen, H. (1994). Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome: Hypothesis and explanation of the syndrome. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 5(62), 65-66.
Irlen, H., & Lass, M. J. (1989). Improving reading problems due to symptoms of scotopic sensitivity syndrome using Irlen lenses and overlays. Education, 109(4).
Irlen, H., & Robinson, G. L. (1996). The effect of Irlen coloured filters on adult perception of workplace performance‐A preliminary survey. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 1(3), 7-16.
Kriss, I., & Evans, B. J. (2005). The relationship between dyslexia and Meares‐Irlen Syndrome. Journal of Research in Reading, 28(3), 350-364.
Kriss, I., & Evans, B. J. (2005). The relationship between dyslexia and Meares‐Irlen Syndrome. Journal of Research in Reading, 28(3), 350-364.
Kriss, I., & Evans, B. J. (2005). The relationship between dyslexia and Meares‐Irlen Syndrome. Journal of Research in Reading, 28(3), 350-364.
Kruk, R., Sumbler, K., & Willows, D. (2008). Visual processing characteristics of children with Meares–Irlen syndrome. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 28(1), 35-46.
Lewine, J. D., Irlen, H. R., & Orrison, W. W. (1996). Visual evoked magnetic fields in scotopic sensitivity syndrome. Available from the New Mexico Institute of Neuroimaging, The New Mexico Regional Field Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM.
Loe, S. J., & Watson, K. (2012). A prospective genetic marker of the visual-perception disorder Meares-Irlen syndrome. Perceptual and motor skills, 114(3), 870-882.
Loe, S. J., & Watson, K. (2012). A Prospective Genetic Marker of the Visual-Perception Disorder Meares-Irlen Syndrome. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 870–882. doi:10.2466/24.10.11.27.pms.114.3.870-882
Loew, S. J., Alba, M. E. F., & Watson, K. (2013). Incidence of Meares-Irlen/visual stress syndrome in reading and learning disorders: does fluorescent lighting in classrooms affect literacy and numeracy. Aula Abierta, 41(3), 23-32.
Michálková, B. M. (2021). Teaching English to Dyslexic Learners: Reading Skills in Focus. Retrieved November 2021, from: https://is.muni.cz/th/igh8n/DP_-_MichalkovaMarketa.pdf
Miyasaka, J. D. S., Vieira, R. V. G., Novalo-Goto, E. S., Montagna, E., & Wajnsztejn, R. (2019). Irlen syndrome: systematic review and level of evidence analysis. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 77, 194-207.
Paige, D. D., Rupley, W. H., Smith, G. S., Olinger, C., & Leslie, M. (2018). Acquisition of letter naming knowledge, phonological awareness, and spelling knowledge of kindergarten children at risk for learning to read. Child Development Research, 2018.
Patil, J. (2020). Controversial treatment using coloured overlays in visual processing disorders. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 68(10), 2327.
Ritchie, S. J., Della Sala, S., & McIntosh, R. D. (2011). Irlen colored overlays do not alleviate reading difficulties. Pediatrics, 128(4), e932-e938.
Ritchie, S. J., Della Sala, S., & McIntosh, R. D. (2012). Irlen colored filters in the classroom: A 1‐year follow‐up. Mind, Brain, and Education, 6(2), 74-80.
Robinson, G. L. (1994). Coloured lenses and reading: a review of research into reading achievement, reading strategies and causal mechanisms. Australasian Journal of special education, 18(1), 3-14.
Robinson, G. L., & Foreman, P. J. (1999). Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome and the use of coloured filters: a long-term placebo-controlled study of reading strategies using analysis of miscue. Perceptual and motor skills, 88(1), 35-52.
Robinson, G. L., & Whiting, P. R. (2003). The interpretation of emotion from facial expression for children with visual processing problems. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 27(2), 50-67.
Robinson, G. L., Foreman, P. J., & Dear, K. B. G. (1996). The familial incidence of symptoms of Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome. Perceptual and motor skills, 83(3), 1043-1055.
Romera, J. V. M., Orsi, R. N., Maia, R. F., & Thomaz, C. E. (2019, September). Visual patterns in reading tasks: an eye-tracking analysis of meares-irlen syndrome simulation effects. In Anais do XV Workshop de Visão Computacional (pp. 131-136). SBC.
Soares, F. A., & Gontijo, L. S. (2016). Produção do conhecimento: bases genéticas, bioquímicas e imunológicas da síndrome de Meares-Irlen. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, 75, 412-415.
Stagg, S. D., & Kiss, N. (2021). Room to read: The effect of extra-large letter spacing and coloured overlays on reading speed and accuracy in adolescents with dyslexia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 104065.
Valdois, S., Lassus‐Sangosse, D., & Lobier, M. (2012). Impaired letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia: What visual‐to‐phonology code mapping disorder?. Dyslexia, 18(2), 77-93.
Vilhena, D. D. A., Guimarães, M. R., Guimarães, R. Q., & Pinheiro, Â. M. V. (2020). Effect of spectral overlays on visual parameters and reading ability: an integrative review. Revista CEFAC, 22.
Vilhena, D. D. A., Guimarães, M. R., Guimarães, R. Q., & Pinheiro, Â. M. V. (2020). Effect of spectral overlays on visual parameters and reading ability: an integrative review. Revista CEFAC, 22.
Watson, C., & Willows, D. M. (1995). Information-processing patterns in specific reading disability. Journal of learning disabilities, 28(4), 216-231.
Westwood, P. S. (2008). What teachers need to know about reading and writing difficulties. Aust Council for Ed Research.
Whiting, P. R., & Robinson, G. L. (2001). The interpretation of emotion from facial expressions for children with a visual sub‐type of dyslexia. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 6(4), 6-14.
Wilkins, A. (2002). Coloured overlays and their effects on reading speed: a review. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22(5), 448-454.
Wilkins, A. J., & Wilkinson, P. (1991). A tint to reduce eyestrain from fluorescent lighting? Preliminary observations. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 11(2), 172-175.
Yamakawa, M., Tachibana, A., Tatsumoto, M., Okajima, K., Ueda, S., & Hirata, K. (2019). Hemodynamic responses related to intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in migraine. Neuroscience research.
Young, B. L. (2021). The Lived Experience of Parents of Children with Irlen Syndrome: A Biopsychosocial Perspective of the Effects of Tinted Lenses and Colored Overlays.
Bender, W.N. & Golden, I.B. (1990) Sub-types of students with learning disabilities as derived from cognitive, academic, behavioural, and self-concept measures. Learning Disability Quarterly, 13, 183-194.
Blaskey, P., Scheiman, M., Parisi, M., Ciner, E. B., Gallaway, M., & Selznick, R. (1990). The effectiveness of Irlen filters for improving reading performance: a pilot study. Journal of learning disabilities, 23(10), 604-612.
Bouldoukian, J., Wilkins, A. J., & Evans, B. J. (2002). Randomised controlled trial of the effect of coloured overlays on the rate of reading of people with specific learning difficulties. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22(1), 55-60.
Boyle, T. A. (2007). Do Irlen lenses help students with dyslexia increase their reading fluency? (Doctoral dissertation, Walden University).
Cain, K., & Oakhill, J. (2006). Assessment matters: Issues in the measurement of reading comprehension. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(4), 697-708.
Conlon, E., & Humphreys, L. (2001). Visual search in migraine and visual discomfort groups. Vision research, 41(23), 3063-3068.
Evans, B. J. (2005). The need for optometric investigation in suspected Meares–Irlen syndrome or visual stress. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 25(4), 363-370.
Faraci, M. E. (2009). Does the Irlen Method bring about an increase in reading scores on a specific test of reading for students found to have Scotopic Sensitivity Syndrome?. Alliant International University, San Diego.
Galea-Seychell, O. (2018). Understanding Irlen Syndrome in the classroom. Symposia Melitensia Number, 14, 283- 291.
Gross-Tsur, V., Shalev, R.S., Manor, O., & Amir, N. (1995). Developmental right hemisphere syndrome: Clinical spectrum of the nonverbal learning disability. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 80-86.
Heine, M., Martin, B., & Shields, M. (2016). Irlen Syndrome: Why the cool-coloured shades. TEACH Journal of Christian Education, 10(1), 3.
Irlen, H. (1991). Scotopic sensitivity syndrome: Screening manual. Long Beach, CA: Perceptual Development Corporation.
Irlen, H. (1991a). Reading by the colors. New York: Avery.
Irlen, H. (1994). Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome: Hypothesis and explanation of the syndrome. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 5(62), 65-66.
Irlen, H., & Lass, M. J. (1989). Improving reading problems due to symptoms of scotopic sensitivity syndrome using Irlen lenses and overlays. Education, 109(4).
Irlen, H., & Robinson, G. L. (1996). The effect of Irlen coloured filters on adult perception of workplace performance‐A preliminary survey. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 1(3), 7-16.
Kriss, I., & Evans, B. J. (2005). The relationship between dyslexia and Meares‐Irlen Syndrome. Journal of Research in Reading, 28(3), 350-364.
Kriss, I., & Evans, B. J. (2005). The relationship between dyslexia and Meares‐Irlen Syndrome. Journal of Research in Reading, 28(3), 350-364.
Kriss, I., & Evans, B. J. (2005). The relationship between dyslexia and Meares‐Irlen Syndrome. Journal of Research in Reading, 28(3), 350-364.
Kruk, R., Sumbler, K., & Willows, D. (2008). Visual processing characteristics of children with Meares–Irlen syndrome. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 28(1), 35-46.
Lewine, J. D., Irlen, H. R., & Orrison, W. W. (1996). Visual evoked magnetic fields in scotopic sensitivity syndrome. Available from the New Mexico Institute of Neuroimaging, The New Mexico Regional Field Medical Center, Albuquerque, NM.
Loe, S. J., & Watson, K. (2012). A prospective genetic marker of the visual-perception disorder Meares-Irlen syndrome. Perceptual and motor skills, 114(3), 870-882.
Loe, S. J., & Watson, K. (2012). A Prospective Genetic Marker of the Visual-Perception Disorder Meares-Irlen Syndrome. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(3), 870–882. doi:10.2466/24.10.11.27.pms.114.3.870-882
Loew, S. J., Alba, M. E. F., & Watson, K. (2013). Incidence of Meares-Irlen/visual stress syndrome in reading and learning disorders: does fluorescent lighting in classrooms affect literacy and numeracy. Aula Abierta, 41(3), 23-32.
Michálková, B. M. (2021). Teaching English to Dyslexic Learners: Reading Skills in Focus. Retrieved November 2021, from: https://is.muni.cz/th/igh8n/DP_-_MichalkovaMarketa.pdf
Miyasaka, J. D. S., Vieira, R. V. G., Novalo-Goto, E. S., Montagna, E., & Wajnsztejn, R. (2019). Irlen syndrome: systematic review and level of evidence analysis. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 77, 194-207.
Paige, D. D., Rupley, W. H., Smith, G. S., Olinger, C., & Leslie, M. (2018). Acquisition of letter naming knowledge, phonological awareness, and spelling knowledge of kindergarten children at risk for learning to read. Child Development Research, 2018.
Patil, J. (2020). Controversial treatment using coloured overlays in visual processing disorders. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 68(10), 2327.
Ritchie, S. J., Della Sala, S., & McIntosh, R. D. (2011). Irlen colored overlays do not alleviate reading difficulties. Pediatrics, 128(4), e932-e938.
Ritchie, S. J., Della Sala, S., & McIntosh, R. D. (2012). Irlen colored filters in the classroom: A 1‐year follow‐up. Mind, Brain, and Education, 6(2), 74-80.
Robinson, G. L. (1994). Coloured lenses and reading: a review of research into reading achievement, reading strategies and causal mechanisms. Australasian Journal of special education, 18(1), 3-14.
Robinson, G. L., & Foreman, P. J. (1999). Scotopic sensitivity/Irlen syndrome and the use of coloured filters: a long-term placebo-controlled study of reading strategies using analysis of miscue. Perceptual and motor skills, 88(1), 35-52.
Robinson, G. L., & Whiting, P. R. (2003). The interpretation of emotion from facial expression for children with visual processing problems. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 27(2), 50-67.
Robinson, G. L., Foreman, P. J., & Dear, K. B. G. (1996). The familial incidence of symptoms of Scotopic Sensitivity/Irlen Syndrome. Perceptual and motor skills, 83(3), 1043-1055.
Romera, J. V. M., Orsi, R. N., Maia, R. F., & Thomaz, C. E. (2019, September). Visual patterns in reading tasks: an eye-tracking analysis of meares-irlen syndrome simulation effects. In Anais do XV Workshop de Visão Computacional (pp. 131-136). SBC.
Soares, F. A., & Gontijo, L. S. (2016). Produção do conhecimento: bases genéticas, bioquímicas e imunológicas da síndrome de Meares-Irlen. Revista Brasileira de Oftalmologia, 75, 412-415.
Stagg, S. D., & Kiss, N. (2021). Room to read: The effect of extra-large letter spacing and coloured overlays on reading speed and accuracy in adolescents with dyslexia. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 104065.
Valdois, S., Lassus‐Sangosse, D., & Lobier, M. (2012). Impaired letter‐string processing in developmental dyslexia: What visual‐to‐phonology code mapping disorder?. Dyslexia, 18(2), 77-93.
Vilhena, D. D. A., Guimarães, M. R., Guimarães, R. Q., & Pinheiro, Â. M. V. (2020). Effect of spectral overlays on visual parameters and reading ability: an integrative review. Revista CEFAC, 22.
Vilhena, D. D. A., Guimarães, M. R., Guimarães, R. Q., & Pinheiro, Â. M. V. (2020). Effect of spectral overlays on visual parameters and reading ability: an integrative review. Revista CEFAC, 22.
Watson, C., & Willows, D. M. (1995). Information-processing patterns in specific reading disability. Journal of learning disabilities, 28(4), 216-231.
Westwood, P. S. (2008). What teachers need to know about reading and writing difficulties. Aust Council for Ed Research.
Whiting, P. R., & Robinson, G. L. (2001). The interpretation of emotion from facial expressions for children with a visual sub‐type of dyslexia. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 6(4), 6-14.
Wilkins, A. (2002). Coloured overlays and their effects on reading speed: a review. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 22(5), 448-454.
Wilkins, A. J., & Wilkinson, P. (1991). A tint to reduce eyestrain from fluorescent lighting? Preliminary observations. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 11(2), 172-175.
Yamakawa, M., Tachibana, A., Tatsumoto, M., Okajima, K., Ueda, S., & Hirata, K. (2019). Hemodynamic responses related to intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in migraine. Neuroscience research.
Young, B. L. (2021). The Lived Experience of Parents of Children with Irlen Syndrome: A Biopsychosocial Perspective of the Effects of Tinted Lenses and Colored Overlays.
Published
2023-06-15
How to Cite
Moussa, M., & Mansour, K. (2023). The factorial structure Sensitivity of the reading comprehension test with Meares-Irlen syndrome among Al-Azhar preparatory institutes students. International Journal of Research in Educational Sciences., 6(3), 139 - 176. Retrieved from http://www.iafh.net/index.php/IJRES/article/view/346
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Articles
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